BLOGS
Surplus CAD
With a significant drop in domestic economic activity due to the coronavirus-induced lockdown significantly reduced imports, the finance ministry expects the country’s current account balance to turn into a surplus in the first quarter of fiscal 2020-21 after a 12-year difference.
Last time current account deficit of India turned positive was in the March 2006-07, at $ 4.2 billion. However, for the year as a whole, the current account was positive for three consecutive years from 2001-02 to 2003-04.
India’s CAD fell to 0.2% of GDP in the December quarter of fiscal 2014, from 0.9% in the September quarter due to the decline in trade deficits and the rise net service revenues. Data for the March quarter are expected to be released later this month.
Fortunately, India’s external sector has grown in resilience, manifesting itself in an improvement in the Balance of Payments (BOP) position, although it has been challenged by net REIT outflows for some time.
A comfortable BoP is based on a manageable current account deficit (CAD), prudent external debt and a high availability of adequate foreign exchange reserves to finance more than eleven months of imports, “the finance minister said in his latest report.
Macroeconomic in May, the considerable drop in domestic economic activity considerably reduces imports, the current account balance of India could generate a slight surplus in the first quarter of 2020 to 21. The CAD of India is also supported by lower external debt service levels, the report said.
SBI Research and Barclays forecast a current account surplus of $ 19 billion or 0.7% of GDP in fiscal 21. Called “an unwanted surplus”, Barclays said last month that it was an unpleasant development, because the surplus will be drawn almost entirely by the closure of the economy to contain the pandemic epidemic, helped by the fall in oil prices and not by excessive exports in relation to imports.
While countries have sealed their borders to stop the spread of the coronavirus and supply chains have broken down due to mobility restrictions, merchandise exports from India in the first two months of the fiscal year prices (April-May) contracted 47.5%, while imports fell 54.7%, resulting in a trade deficit of $ 9.9 billion against a deficit of $ 30.7 billion in the same period a year ago.
Despite massive stock market sales amid fears surrounding Covid-19, India’s foreign exchange reserves continued to grow and peaked for life at $ 507.6 billion during the week for The 12 June, helped by a significant jump in foreign currency assets.
“The sharp drop in crude oil prices and weak domestic demand for gold imports may have canceled out the impact of the REIT’s leak on reserves,”
said the finance ministry.
- A current account deficit occurs when a country spends more on its imports than what it receives for its exports.
- A trade deficit means there is more being bought than there is being sold by a country.
- If a current account deficit remains on the books for a long time, it can mean future generations will be burdened with high debt levels and large interest payments.
- Deficits aren’t necessarily a bad thing. Current account deficits may signal an increase in the future production of exports, while trade deficits may signal investment in innovation and/or R&D.
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Sunspots are relatively colder and darker spots on the Sun
A new study published in The Astrophysical Journal has shown how sunspots, which are relatively colder and darker spots on the Sun, can help us better understand living conditions on exoplanets, planets outside the solar system.
- Since sunspots are precursors to solar flares, monitoring them can help decipher how and why they occur.
- In young stars, super bright ones occur almost daily, while in more mature stars like our Sun, they can occur once every 1000 years.
- A few flares can help build RNA and DNA on planets, while too many strong flares can damage the atmosphere and make the planet uninhabitable.
- High-resolution solar data from NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory and the JAXA / NASA Hinode mission were used for the study.
- The team studied the different layers of the Sun using 14 different wavelengths, including visible, ultraviolet (UV) and X rays.
- “We wanted to know what a sunspot region would look like if we couldn’t resolve it in an image,” said Shin Toriumi, lead author of the study and a scientist at the agency’s Institute of Astronautical and Space Sciences.
- Japanese aerospace exploration at a Liberation. “So we use the solar data as if it came from a distant star to have a better connection between solar physics and stellar physics.”
- Putting all this data together, the team created a diagram they called Light Curves that showed how the light changed when the sunspot passed over the rotating face of the Sun.
- It also shows what a passing sunspot would look like if it were several light years away.
- “The Sun is our closest star.
- By using solar observing satellites, we can resolve signatures in an area 160 km wide, ”said Vladimir Airapetian, study co-author and astrophysicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
- “In other stars, you may only get one pixel that shows the entire surface. So we wanted to create a model to decode the activity in other stars.”
- Studying stellar activity could also help explain the beginning of life on Earth four billion years ago. Many scientists have suggested that intense solar activity may have been a trigger.
- “So far we have done the best scenarios, where there is only a visible sunspot,” said Toriumi. “Next, we plan to do some digital models to find out what happens if we have multiple sunspots.”
Study Abroad | UK
The UNITED KINGDOM (UK) has a long tradition of academic excellence. This year’s QS World University Rankings has the best UK universities in its top 10 and 55 universities in the top 500.
- Indian students have increasingly chosen the UK as their study destination. According to data released by the UK Home Office, Indian student visas issued increased by more than 90% in 2021 compared to the previous year, and by 164% in 2019, totaling 98,747.
- Depending on the level of study, annual fees for UK courses can range from £10,000 to £26,000 for international students. UK offers good value for money as average costs are lower than in the US.
- The UK offers postgraduate job opportunities for international students through the Graduate Route.
- In fact, anyone with a degree from an accredited UK university can stay in the UK to work for up to 2 years. UK PhD students can stay for up to 3 years. There is also the possibility of working during your studies, up to 40 hours during the holidays and 20 hours during classes.
- Students have many options between different types of accommodation, such as self-catering or self-catering residence halls or private off-campus accommodation.
- Students can even choose a homestay setup through agencies, to get a first-hand experience of the culture.
- Many institutions offer residence halls on or near campus, and for those looking to rent their own accommodation, there are a number of safe, modern options available around campus.
- 17% of international students at UK universities are Indian and this figure has recently risen to 27% in the first year, so you won’t have a problem finding friends to celebrate Holi, Diwali, Gurupurab or Eid with.
- You can expect cloudy skies most days of the year, but it will never be as severe as the extremes of heat and cold you can experience in much of the United States, Canada, or the United States.
- A warm jacket and umbrella is all you need to beat winter here, unless you plan on climbing Ben Nevis or swimming in the North Sea.
- The added benefit is that UK cities have a fantastic air quality index and wide open spaces that you can enjoy all year round.
- UK is a melting pot of cultures and food is at the heart of every culture. Students from all over the world will find home-cooked food on the streets of the UK. It is estimated that there are already between 10,000 and 17,000 curry houses or Indian/Sud-Asian restaurants.
- A small health supplement of £470 covers almost all ailments. We hope this is a service you don’t need, but knowing it exists will give you and your parents great peace of mind.
Strength of Indian students in US declined dramatically 13
Although data from the Open Doors Report 2021 shows a sharp drop in student numbers during the year of the pandemic, the situation appears to be improving, figures from the fall 2021 admissions season show.
The number of Indian college-bound students in the United States fell 13.2% in the 2020-21 academic year, the largest percentage point drop in more than a decade, according to the Open Doors report 2021. The total number of Indians studying in the United States fell from 1.93 lakh in 2019-2020 to 1.67 lakh in the last academic year, and U.S. embassy officials blamed the drop on disruption-induced disruption. pandemic.
However, Indians continue to be the second largest cohort (18.3%) of international students in the United States, after China (34.7%). Out of the total Indian students, the majority (34.8%) chose Mathematics and Computer Science, followed by Engineering (33.5%) and Business and Management (11.7%) in 2020-21.
The 2020-21 academic year is the second year in a row that has seen a decrease in the absolute number of Indians coming to the United States for higher education. In 2019-2020, the number increased from 2.02 lakh to 1.93 lakh. Before that, from at least 2014-15, the strength of Indian students had increased, albeit at a slower rate of growth.
Officials at the US embassy on Monday described the trends in the 2020-21 dataset as a “Covid error.” The Embassy’s Counseling Minister for Consular Affairs, Donald Heflin, said the pandemic and the shutdown that followed posed great challenges and raised security concerns on the minds of parents whose children had to fly to the United States for their studies. graduate school, but efforts were made on both sides (United States and India) to ensure a safe and comfortable transition for students.
The situation is already improving this year, Heflin told reporters, as the number of Indian students and exchange visitors who traveled to study in the United States this year reached a “record high.” “Despite the global pandemic, Indian students have been able to apply for visas and travel to the United States. This summer alone we issued more than 62,000 student visas, more than any previous year. This shows that the United States remains the destination of choice for Indian students who want to study abroad, ”he said.
The decline in the number of international students is not just limited to those coming from India. In fact, overall, the United States has seen a 15% reduction in its global student population. The Open Doors report is published by the Office of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the US Department of State and the Institute for International Education.
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Stock market new margin norms
On September 1, the stock markets put in place a transparent and strict mechanism to collect an initial 20% margin on cash market transactions and resisted the collateral system to protect the interests of investors.
- Although the new rules, which had been postponed twice previously, created some initial problems, such as fixed margins and payment delays, the situation should return to normal within a few days.
What is the 20% margin charge?
- Market regulator Sebi has so far had no margin requirement for transactions in the spot market, but clients will now have to pay 20% of the cost of the shares and this will apply to both buying and selling of titles.
- Client margins are only required in the futures and options segment until last year and no cash margin was required from clients. It has been adjusted by the runners.
- While Sebi has tightened margin rules due to the misuse of securities by unscrupulous industry brokers, the new rules have created new challenges for brokers. Investors must pay 20% the same day and the balance the next day.
How will this affect the pledge system?
- Investors have lost millions of rupees in the unauthorized pledge of shares by Karvy. Karvy’s problem forced the regulator to adjust the pledging system.
- The unauthorized pooling system and manipulation by brokers using Client Power of Attorney (PoA) will now end. They used to withdraw money from clients’ accounts and adjust to the needs of other clients.
- Sebi’s rules state that a client can pledge securities with a trading member, who in turn will similarly engage with the clearing member.
- The Clearing Member will pledge it to Clearing Corporation (CC). At the same time, the shares will remain in the customer’s demat account and the full tracking of the pledging process will be recorded on the customer’s demat account.
- Investors who trade stocks using existing stocks as collateral in the demat account can now relax.
- However, brokers encountered problems arranging spreads for investors who offered their shares, which delayed settlement in the first three days.
What was the reaction of the runners?
- Brokers obviously wanted the regulator to suspend both the imposition of 20% margins on spot market transactions and the implementation of the new collateral rules.
- This is because they need to update their systems and illegal “tweaking” with customer money has also been stopped. The runners hope to return to normal within the next two weeks.
Will this make the markets more transparent and secure?
- Charging an initial 20% margin contributed to the orderly movement of stock markets which have seen excessive speculation in recent months.
- Tightening the collateral system will make investors’ money more secure and lead to more transparency and less manipulation.
- Every significant transition signals a new beginning and the hope for better results. Hopefully a more secure and transparent equity trading ecosystem. Barring initial implementation issues, once the system is in place, we hope it will provide a win-win situation for all stakeholders.
- In fact, it can be the basis for the growth of financial markets and their efficient functioning.
Stock Exchange Surge
The tremendous recovery in the stock exchanges after falling 36% between February and March 23, 2020, surprised many as it coincided with the spread of the coronavirus, and recently with the appearance of a more powerful mutant form of the virus in that moment, even as the promise of a vaccine since November had raised hopes for a quick return to normalcy. As we move into 2021 and Indian regulators deliberate on whether to approve the use of Covishield, the Serum Institute of India’s version of the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine, there is a sense of optimism among the public, investors and market players. Sensex (along with Nifty) is up more than 80% from the year low on March 23 and 15.7% in the calendar year, better than 14.4% in 2019 and much more than 5.9% in 2018. Who would have thought that March 2020 would end up with more than 15% positive returns for investors. However, the national and global economic recovery, which forms the basis of sustainable market growth, is still a work in progress amid concerns in several respects. We need to be careful about expectations starting in 2021, considering that the 2020 recovery was driven by excess liquidity and was not based on the fundamentals of the economy. If that money came back, it could lead to a correction. There are several factors or risks that the market is likely to face this year.
- Inflation: The biggest problem the market can have to navigate is a possible reversal in the flow of funds. Since countries around the world have near-negative interest rates, causing money to flow to emerging markets, including India, the market feels like a mere sign of a surge. Interest rates can potentially derail this currency inflow and reverse the trend. Experts say that if no country can afford to raise interest rates significantly, as this would risk reversing growth at this point, a change in position could lead to capital outflows from emerging markets to developed economies. While REITs (foreign portfolio investors) can afford to take risks, many feel sensitive to external interest rates. So every time the United States indicates that it will move from accommodative to tighter monetary policy, REIT money will begin to flow back into US Treasuries. This is a huge concern this time around as the biggest factor driving markets higher was abundant global liquidity. Between April and December, REITs injected a network of Rs 2,18,291 crore into Indian stocks, the highest of all years. In fact, entries in November and December only amounted to a record Rs 1,22,373 crore. Even the RBI governor, in his monetary policy statement in December, said that as investors left the safe havens of US Treasuries in search of higher yields, “capital flows increased. India”. However, factors such as rising inflation and a change in the direction of interest rates by central banks can cause a reversal of FDI flows and have a negative impact on equity markets.
- Vaccination speed: While the surge in the stock market due to abundant liquidity and cash flow was the story of 2020, it will need to be replaced by one based on economic recovery and growth: consumer demand, investment from the private sector and job creation, among others. This will be critical not only for GDP growth and corporate earnings, but also for the long-term sustainability of capital investments, from both domestic and foreign investors. And for that to happen, India will have to show the speed of its vaccination program and the effectiveness of the vaccine, as this will give confidence to the masses, companies and foreign investors. Many believe that the pace of vaccination will give people the confidence to spend and invest. This would result in demand generation and revenue growth for businesses (which has been absent for the past two quarters) and reflect economic growth and recovery. However, any failure in the vaccination program would reduce market confidence and the economy’s ability to recover more quickly.
- The Covid-19 threat: As a vaccine is on the horizon and regulators in India deliberate on approval of Covishield, the emergence of a more potent virus variant in the UK has reminded the world that the threat persists being very real and can potentially delay the return to normalcy. As countries have once again restricted air travel to the UK, announcing closures and curfews, markets have seen a sharp correction and remain threatened. A country’s ability to control the spread of the virus and to control new mutant forms will be critical to its recovery process. The country that can best demonstrate this will see a return to normal more quickly; however, a country that does not could be on a rollercoaster ride. Market participants believe that if the next phase of the spread of Covid-19 is not severe and vaccination is effective and efficient, the economy will return to normal more quickly.
State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020
The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World is the most authoritative global study tracking progress towards ending hunger and malnutrition. It is produced jointly by the , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agriculture (IFAD), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the UN World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
- World food and nutrition security report estimates that nearly 690 million people worldwide were malnourished (or hungry) in 2019, 10 million more than in 2018.
- The number of people suffering from malnutrition in India has decreased by 60 million in more than a decade. According to a UN report, there were fewer stunted children but more obese adults in the country.
- The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report released on Monday estimates that nearly 690 million people worldwide are malnourished (or hungry) in 2019, 10 million more than in 2018.
- The report, Considered the most authoritative study in the world to track progress towards ending hunger and malnutrition; it said that the number of undernourished people in India had increased from 249.4 million in 2004-06 to 189.2 million in 2017-19.
- As a percentage, the prevalence of undernourishment in the total population of India decreased from 21.7% in 2004-06 to 14% in 2017-19, the two subregions showing reductions in malnutrition, East and South Asia, are dominated by the two largest economies on the continent; China and India.
- Despite very different conditions, stories and rates of progress, the reduction in hunger in the two countries is due to long-term economic growth, reduced inequality and better access to basic goods and services, did he declare.
- The report is jointly prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Program United Nations Food (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
- In addition, the Report said that the prevalence of stunting among children under 5 in India has decreased from 47.8% in 2012 to 34.7% in 2019 or from 62 million in 2012 to 40.3 million in 2019.
- The report says more Indian adults became obese between 2012-16, the number of obese adults (over 18) increased from 25.2 million in 2012 to 34.3 million in 2016, from 3.1% to 3.9%.
- The number of women of reproductive age (15-49) with anemia decreased from 165.6 million in 2012 to 175.6 million in 2016.
- The number of babies 0-5 months with exclusive breastfeeding decreased from 11.2 million in 2012 to 13.9 million in 2019.
- The hungry are more numerous in Asia, but are growing faster in Africa. Globally, the report predicts that the COVID-19 pandemic could cause chronic hunger for more than 130 million people by the end of 2020.
- In terms of malnourished people percentage, Africa is the most affected region, and more, with the 19.1% of its population.
- According to current trends, in 2030, Africa will host more than half of the chronically hungry people in the world.
- COVID-19 intensifies the vulnerabilities and inadequacies of the world’s food systems, understood as all activities and processes that affect the production, distribution and consumption of food.
- Although it is too early to assess the full impact of the blockades and other containment measures, the report estimates that at least 83 million more people, and possibly up to 132 million, could go hungry in 2020 because of the economic crisis.
- The recession caused by COVID-19, adding that the downside has further cast doubt on the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal Two, which aims to achieve zero hunger.
- The latest estimates indicate that the three billion or more staggering people cannot afford healthy food.
- In sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, this is the case for 57% of the population, although no region, including North America and Europe, is saved.
- In 2019, 191 million children under the age of five were stunted or wasted, too short or too thin. In addition, 38 million children under the age of five were overweight. Meanwhile, in adults, obesity has become a full-fledged global pandemic.
- The study calls on governments to integrate nutrition into their approaches to agriculture; strive to reduce the factors that increase the costs of producing, storing, transporting, distributing and marketing food, including by reducing inefficiencies and food waste and waste.
- It also urges them to help small local producers to grow and sell more nutritious food and to guarantee their access to markets; prioritize child nutrition as a cat most in need; encourage behavior change through education and communication; and integrate nutrition into national social protection systems and research strategies
- The report noted that generally, cash transfer programmes are considered an appropriate instrument to increase dietary diversity in well-connected urban or rural contexts, while in-kind transfers are more appropriate for remote areas, where access to markets is severely limited.
- In India, for instance, the country’s Targeted Public Distribution System represents the largest social protection programme in the world, reaching 800 million people with subsidised cereals that can be purchased from more than 500,000 fair price shops across the country.
- In India, rural business hubs have facilitated linking smallholder farmers to rapidly growing urban markets. Apart from procuring food products from the farmers, these hubs provide services such as farm inputs and equipment, as well as access to credit.
- Having food processing, packaging and cooling facilities at the same location allows consumers to benefit from economies of agglomeration and, on the whole, reduce transaction costs throughout the food supply chain. This model in India has given rise to rural supermarkets that provide cheaper staple food, it added.
SRS Bulletin: Reference Year 2018
The Sample Registration System (SRS) is a large-scale demographic survey that provides reliable annual estimates of the infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate, and other indicators of fertility and mortality at the national and sub-national level. Experimentally launched by the Office of the Registrar General of India in selected states in 1964-1965, it became fully operational in 1969-1970 with approximately 3,700 sampling units.
How it prepared?
The field survey consists of a continuous count of births and deaths in sampling units selected by part-time resident interviewers, usually workers and teachers from Anganwadi; and an independent retrospective survey every six months by SRS supervisors. The data obtained by these two independent officials correspond. Incompatible and partially matched events are rechecked in the field, then an unduplicated number of births and deaths is obtained.
What are sampling units in different areas?
The sampling unit in rural areas is a village or a segment thereof (if the village population is 2000 or more). In urban areas, the sampling unit is a census enumeration block with a population ranging from 750 to 1,000 inhabitants. The SRS sample is replaced every ten years according to the last census framework. The current sample is based on the 2011 census database. Currently, the SRS is operating in 8847 sample units (4,961 rural and 3,886 urban) covering approximately 8.1 million inhabitants. , distributed in all the States and territories of the Union.
Birth Rates in India
The birth rate is a crude measure of the fertility of a population and is a crucial determinant of population growth. It gives the number of live births per thousand inhabitants in a given region and year. The birth rate at all levels in India has declined considerably over the past four decades, from 36.9 in 1971 to 20.0 in 2018. The rural-urban differential has also narrowed in these years. However, the birth rate has remained higher in rural areas than in urban areas for the past four decades. The birth rate has decreased by about 11% in the past decade, from 22.5 in 2009 to 20.0 in 2018. The corresponding decrease in rural areas is from 24.1 to 21.6, and for urban areas, it is from 18.3 to 16.7. In 2018, the birth rate for India varied from 16.7 in urban areas to 21.6 in rural areas. The highest birth rate was recorded in Bihar (26.2), while the lowest in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (11.2).
Death Rates in India
Death rate is one of the fundamental components of demographic change, and the associated data is essential for demographic studies and the public health administration. It is defined as the number of deaths per thousand inhabitants in a given region and period. The death rate in India has decreased significantly in the past four decades, from 14.9 in 1971 to 6.2 in 2018. The decline has been more pronounced in rural than in urban areas. The death rate at all levels in India has increased from 7.3 to 6.2 in the last decade. The corresponding decrease in rural areas is from 7.8 to 6.7 and for urban areas, from 5.8 to 5.1. The rate of decline in these years has been greater in rural areas (around 14.5%) than in urban areas (12.7%). For the year 2018, the mortality rate in India varies from 5.1 in urban areas to 6.7 in rural areas. The death rate for Union States / Territories ranges from 3.3 in Delhi to 8.0 in Chhattisgarh for 2018. In 2018, Chhattisgarh had the highest death rate of 8.0, while the lowest death rate was recorded in Delhi with 3.3.
Infant Mortality Rates in India
The infant mortality rate (IMR), which is widely accepted as a crude indicator of the general health scenario of a country or region, is defined as infant mortality (less than a year) per thousand live births in a specified period of time and for a given region The present level of IMR (32 infant deaths per thousand live births, for the year 2018) is about one-fourth as compared to 1971 (129 infant deaths per thousand live births). In the last ten years, IMR has witnessed a decline of about 35% in rural areas and about 32% in urban areas. IMR at all India level has declined from 50 to 32 in the last decade. The corresponding decline in rural areas is 55 to 36, and for urban areas it is from 34 to 23. Despite the decline in IMR over the last decades, one in every 31 infants die within first year of their life at the National level (irrespective of rura-lurban); one in every 28 infants in rural areas and one in every 43 infants in urban areas still die within one year of life. Among the States/Union Territories, the IMR ranges from 4 in Nagaland to 48 in Madhya Pradesh for 2018. In 2018, the maximum IMR has been reported for Madhya Pradesh (48) and the minimum for Nagaland (4).
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SPICE 2000 Kit
These days the purchase of the SPICE 2000 bomb from Israel is in discussion, the same bomb used by the Indian Air Force in the Balakot strike for a distance of 60 kilometers ahead of the Line of Control between India and Pakistan.
- They can hit the ground from a considerable distance by air and are capable of blowing bunkers and buildings. SPICE is a short form of Smart, Precise, Impact, Cost Effective.
- Spice is not a bomb in its own right but it is a special armament material. It can be used as an air-to-ground bomb. It can be used as a precision guided bomb instead of just an uncontrolled bomb by directing an electro optics or GPS.
- The SPICE 2000 is the largest conventional bomb used by Indian Air Force, it has also been used in the Mirage 2000 jet of France.
- The Spice 1000 Kit is available as a 500 kg bomb, with a range of 100 km. But the Spice 2000 kit is for a 1000 kg bomb and has a range of 60 km.
- The special thing about them is that they cannot be caught from most radars on the ground.
- The Spice 2000 is often compared to laser-guided bombs that are cheaper than Spice and also accurate, but the biggest problem with them is that they do not function properly in bad weather.
- In addition, laser bombs have a range of only 15 km, while the Spice family’s smart bombs can also be killed in safe airfields.
- China’s air defense system is considered very strong, it has Russia’s S300 and S400 class systems.
- With SPICE 2000, the images already shot in his memory can be loaded. In front of it there is a camera which compares the target to the pictures placed in memory by taking a picture of the target from a distance.
- If the pictures are different from the old photos, then it can automatically turn to its right target.
- The Spice 2000 Kit correctly identifies the target as well as the need for delay in impact and activation.
- It is more useful when an attack has to take place in this multi-storey building and there is a need to do damage to a particular floor.
- The Israeli Air Force used it in areas of Lebanon and Syria in which it destroyed multi storeyed buildings in many urban areas.
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